Education In US

Level/Grade

Typical age (at end of the school year)

Preschool

Various optional programs, such as Head Start

Under 6

Pre-Kindergarten

4-5

Kindergarten

5-6

Elementary School

1st Grade

6–7

2nd Grade

7–8

3rd Grade

8–9

4th Grade

9–10

5th Grade

10–11

Middle School

6th Grade

11–12

7th Grade

12–13

8th Grade

13–14

High school

9th Grade (Freshman)

14-15

10th Grade (Sophomore)

15-16

11th Grade (Junior)

16-17

12th Grade (Senior)

17–18

Post-secondary education

Tertiary education (College or University)

Ages vary (usually four years,
referred to as Freshman,
Sophomore, Junior and
Senior years)

Vocational education

Ages vary

Graduate education

Adult education


31 Reasons Why you Shouldn't Buy an iPhone 3G!

The much hyped iPhone 3G was launched in India a few weeks back and we have seen many issues and open security flaws in the new iPhone. Today, I have compiled a comprehensive list of 31 Issues - (yes 31 issues) with the new iPhone 3G. This is a must read for anyone planning to get this so called UberGizmo. The short comings of the new iPhone 3G are simply endless I suppose.

  1. No 3G video calling even if you are over a 3G Network. (Though you maynot yet have 3G in India, but even at a later date it's not worth the 3G tag when you can't do video calls)
  2. Blue Tooth functionality is only limited to headset use. (You can't do any file transfer over Blue Tooth)
  3. Absolutely no camera settings - it's just like some ancient digital camera which does only point and shoot functionality.
  4. The camera doesn't has autofocus and even doesnot have a flash. So it's more like a namesake camera.
  5. The worst thing is that you cannot forward a SMS message!! Don't tell me I am foolish, but really your iPhone 3G can't forward a simple SMS. You'll have to retype an SMS and forward it.
  6. There is NO copy / paste functionality. So you need to remember the texts and type again as you go.
  7. A very Mediocre camera - it's just a 2Mega-Pixel camera. But it's been a very pathetic 2MP one to hit the market. Photos taken in the iPhone's camera look like they have been taken off a VGA camera. For a lesser price tag, Nokia N95/Sony Ericsson k850i sport a 5 Mega Pixel camera as also full screen video recording and TV-out(only in N95).
  8. The iPhone 3G has a Plastic Outer Casing (Earlier it was Metallic casing - looks like inflation has hit iPhone too).
  9. This piece has no FM RADIO. FM radio is even available in phones that just cost a fraction of the iPhone 3G's price.
  10. The iPhone 3G has no option for video recording. So you can't record videos on it.
  11. The iPhone 3G is simply overpriced in India (Costs almost twice the price as in US)
  12. It's in built Safari web browser does not support Flash as well as Java. Yet it boasts to have a full screen browser. Most e-commerce sites aren't gonna work without Java and most entertainment sites without Flash.
  13. There is No option to sync between Notes & To Do's. Guess Apple's engineer's haven't heard about Syncronization before.
  14. There is No office document editor. Most Nokia's come with in-build editor's for Word / Excel.
  15. The iPhone doesn't has AD2P on the Bluetooth - which means you can't get stereo sound via Blue Tooth headphones, that's a big damper for the music fans.
  16. The iPhone doesn't has a Removable battery. Yes - you cannot change the battery yourself. Apple expects you to send the phone to an Apple Outlet to replace the battery. Now if you travel too much - what are you gonna do? Look for an Apple Store to interchange the travel battery? I simply can't resist my laughter being a Geek. Come'on apple for heaven's sake this is NOT an iPod - it is a phone and one cannot live without phone for 2-3 days, just to replace a battery.
  17. iPhone doesn't has an option to send MMS. Forget about MMS.
  18. You cannot use the iPhone as an external storage device (16 GB is of utter waste).
  19. You can't share ANY (mp3, images,videos) files via Bluetooth.
  20. You can't use the iPhone as a wireless modem. Though you'll end up paying ridiculous data charges to activate internet on your iPhone, but you simply can't connect it to your laptop and browse on the go.
  21. Though you can't sent MMS - You can't receive MMS messages too!
  22. The iPhone lacks proper support for Flash websites.
  23. You can't set your personal songs as ring tones!
  24. It only allows for a maximum of 1 picture to be attached to each e-mail you send!
  25. You cannot save documents on it. The documents can only be viewed as attachments when they're sent to your e-mail address - but no option of saving onto phone.
  26. No Voice Dialing on the iPhone 3G.
  27. You can't send your contacts as a business card.
  28. The iPhone's screen is not Finger Print Resistant. Since the iPhone is a touch screen phone so it is bound to get your finger print's each time you touch so it gets dirty very easily.
  29. You can't pair it with a stereo Bluetooth headset. That's really funny inspite of the iPhone being touted as a music phone yet it does not support A2DP protocol needed by stereo headsets.
  30. The iPhone doesn't has a built in file browser/organizer!
  31. THE BIGGEST ONE - ONCE YOU ARE ON 3G NETWORK(Which I suppose will happen in a year in India), YOU CANNOT MAKE CALLS TO A PHONE ON 2G NETWORK. SO IF YOU WANT TO CALL A PERSON WHO IS NOT HAVING A 3G PHONE. SORRY, YOU'LL HAVE TO FIND A PCO and a 1RUPEE!!!
STILL WANT TO BUY AN iPHONE?
The only reason why Apple is selling the iPhone in india at the price range of Rs.31,000 - 36,000 is because they know that there are number of people in this country who move around with money bubbling in their pockets. These are the people who spend less time in earning money and spend more time in searching the new ways to spend it. For these people, SHOWOFF is everything So, the APPLE guys are simply targeting these maniacs along with the help of Airtel and Vodafone to get some more money out of their pockets.

We work hard for earning Money. So spend wisely on what you invest - do more Research before you buy these crap.

The Tech Evolution : 1GB memory 20 years ago and 1GB memory now

The Intel Museum, which is located in Santa Clara, California, USA had recently introduced
several new exhibits that demonstrate the transforming role of Intel's silicon technology in a changing world. And among them was a 1GB storage device which dates back almost 20yrs back. It's quite contrasting to see how soon things have changed!!


Click on the image to enlarge

Easy tips to Working smarter and Not harder

The old saying goes as "Working smarter is not necessarily harder". Today I'll tell you all the secrets on how you can master the concept which will easily make your entire working life that much more easier.

These are very simple yet practical techniques that you can employ to save steps and tedium from almost any task. So, here we go - and keep this a secret too (Just kidding - please share this with your friends and well-wishers as always).

First I'll explain the simple Steps To Follow:

  1. Assess everything that needs to be done. Before you plunge in headfirst, remember that enthusiasm needs to be tempered with actual and sound wisdom. Look over every aspect of the job at hand, and allow yourself ample "pondering time" so that you can be sure that every detail is accomplished on time, and accurately.

  2. Make an outline. Whether it's in your head or on paper or on your laptop.Y o u should have a checklist in mind, and follow it to the letter, and in order - you don't want to repeat steps, duplicate the efforts of others, or make mistakes. Also, you definitely don't want to forget anything. Am i not right?

  3. Consider the materials you'll need for the task. Don't take shortcuts, when possible, on the quality of your materials. Cheap materials are harder to work with, because they aren't as sturdy or nice. Because they're harder to work with, they take longer to bend to your will. Remember that working smart means thinking about these things - in most jobs, the materials aren't where the majority of the costs are. It's the labor - the time needed to complete the job - that costs the company more money. Using inexpensive materials where they are easily installed makes sense. Trying to save a few bucks but spending an extra hour or two because those cheap things didn't install properly doesn't make any sense at all.

  4. Follow your plan and don't deviate from it - unless you really must. Once you've assessed the job and come up with a plan, it's usually best to stick with the plan. However, things come up: a part doesn't fit, or it turns out it's not the best item for the job, someone gets sick, all sorts of emergencies can throw a wrench into your plan. Be prepared to think on your feet, and be resourceful. Nimble thinking is essential to working smart, especially when something goes wrong. Following a plan slavishly, in spite of new information, developments, or problems is just plain dumb. But also be flexible and change if you need to.

  5. Delegate to the right people at the right times. This is a very big mistake we usually make. Do make sure your team is well-ordered. If one person is faster, put him or her on the part of your task that will take longest. If one person is more skilled and accurate, put him or her on the part of the task that is most critical.

  6. Work parallel'ly - this results in faster time-lines. This means that there may be four or five, for example, components to your job. Let's say you are a design and display company creating a display for a county fair. Your client wants a combination of signs, banners, flyers, and brochures, along with a booth design. You set your best designer in motion to design the copy and look of things, but meanwhile, you assign someone to procure what essential supplies you will need. So far, you could be having one of your people contact printers to get pricing for the number of flyers and/or brochures your client wants, and another to take an inventory of what sign and banner materials you already have on hand - vinyl or paint colors, banner sizes, pre-cut blanks. This way, once the client meeting is complete and you have a good idea of what is going into the installation, you can match it to your inventory and see if there are things on hand that you can use to get started, while someone else goes and gets the things you still need.

  7. Keep your clients under control by communicating properly. This is something that I learnt at my current organization and it works wonders -trust me. Many times, it's hard to work smart because your clients will insist that their job is a big rush. Instead of scrambling to get that job done, make sure your clients understand in the initial meeting what your normal turnaround time for their job would be. If you know you will need two weeks, don't let the client squeeze you into one week unless that client is willing to pay extra for the rush. Most businesses have more than one client, yet many clients forget that their job is not the only one you're working on.

  8. Always stick to your policies. If you charge extra to rush a job, don't deviate from that, ever. It's unfair to apply policies to some customers and not others. When one client comes in and is very pushy, feeling entitled to your undivided attention immediately, often, you can simply say something like, "Sure, we can rush the job for you, but I need to let you know that it will cost extra - probably as much as 50% more than the original quote, for the rush." It's amazing how quickly this type of client stands down, saying, "Oh, forget that - it's not that big a rush. We can wait." Just let them know that you are willing to rush their jobs, but by doing so, you must move other customers who were "in line" before them out of the way - causing you to run those jobs behind. Plus, you need different workers to complete different jobs, and rushing requires you to pay them overtime, rather than allowing more time to complete the job during regular hours. This is smart - it lets your clients know that you really know your stuff, plus it relieves your schedule or makes you more money.

  9. Always give one to three choices - never more. Handing a swatch book to a client and saying, "Tell me which colors you are interested in" is deadly. Too many choices will cause horrible delays as the customer peruses ALL possibilities, and later tends to second-guess every decision, wanting to see it now "In green?" . Instead, say things like, "Do you like this blue or this green better?" Lots of the jobs you do will instantly suggest certain tools, colors, approaches, materials, etc.

  10. Never willingly trap yourself into accepting a bad job. You know when a job is going to be great. You also know when you get that "uh-oh" feeling that something is not right. A client or boss who pressures you into areas where you are not comfortable, either because it is an unreasonable expectation or because it's outside your scope needs to be aware immediately of your discomfort with the job as proposed. Make any misgivings clear instantly, and in front of others, if possible. If you are self-employed, declining a job like this is much smarter, even though it's so hard to let that money go when you depend on every job for your livelihood. Still, a client who doesn't pay because you didn't adhere to every jot and tittle of his demands (and some are just breathtakingly demanding) is not a good customer in the end, and if you work for hours and end up not being paid all or part of what you worked for - especially when you were sweating bullets over it the whole time - is not smart. And it's the hardest work you'll ever do.

  11. Always work as hard and as efficiently as possible, and finish each job as quickly as you can. Hit every job with everything you've got. Getting it done quickly and efficiently - while you have the time - is much smarter than looking at the schedule and telling yourself you have three more days to get it done, and then going to a long lunch or off to play tennis or whatever. You don't know what will happen tomorrow - you might come down with the flu. Figuring that you will need only one day to complete that job if nothing goes wrong and then sitting on it just because you can is dumb. If you end up getting sick, you might not even be well enough to finish on time, let alone early. Running out the clock on jobs when you don't absolutely need to can force a rush at the finish line, or worse, deprives you of opportunities you might not have otherwise.

  12. Recognize the point of 'diminishing returns.' The above steps do not imply that you should work yourself to the point of exhaustion. You need to protect your health and the integrity of your job. Working yourself to a frazzle constantly makes you prone to mistakes. When you're so tired that you realize it's taking you twice or three times longer to do a job than normal, you need to call it a day. Rest at least a few hours, and come back fresher, so that you can be strong at the end of the job. Learn how to power nap(maybe I'll write another article on this sometime later).

  13. Always Finish strong. It's sooooo important! Being dead tired and sluggish at the finish line is not smart - it's foolish. Be sure that you are well rested at deadline time. On the day a client is expected to pick up his or her job, go over it with a fine-toothed comb - and this means checking the finished product against the original instructions, making sure they match up. Check it for accuracy and detail, make any adjustments, corrections or touch-ups well ahead of the time the client will arrive. Making sure every last detail has been checked and re-verified will make you confident and calm when your client comes to pick up the job. You can present it proudly, knowing that everything has been done to ensure the client will be happy with the finished product. Your confidence spills over to the client, which also makes it easier to ask for that final payment - when you see the client smiling and appreciative of the work you've done for him or her. This works for any project you have to do in life.

Here are also some cool Tips to get you there really..
  • When you can work, do. Don't slack or allow time to run out so that you're rushing at the end to meet a deadline.
  • When you're sick, stay home and rest until you are well. You make too many mistakes when you're ill or tired to call that "working smart."
  • Learn to make your money work for you. Working a lot and spending every penny you make is NOT working smart!

And here are some general Warnings that you must Adhere to

I mentioned above that you should avoid taking a bad job. By that, it's meant that you know that it's a sort of thing you aren't good at, or that is not part of the usual services you offer, or that it's something you don't know much about. Instead of trying to boss your way through it, tell the truth. And if you get an "uh-oh" feeling from the client, don't take the job. If you have a sense right away that this client is not on the same page with you, either you must take steps immediately to get them there, or you must not take the job. This doesn't suggest that a difficult client is a bad client - often, a difficult client isn't really so difficult at all, once s/he knows you and trusts you to do the good job s/he requires. But one who constantly grinds for discounts, tries to get you to cut corners to save money, or changes scope of job or deadlines in the middle of everything, this is someone who will work your last nerve. You must ask yourself if the money you make on these jobs is worth the time, effort and tears. * There is one other situation you should take caution with, and that is allowing the customer to make changes mid-stream, causing you to go out of pocket much more than you originally planned. A little tweak is one thing. A big change should stop everything while you re-think - and re-bid. The client should be made aware instantly that it's not "just a little change", and that making changes in mid-job could cost significantly more. Don't allow yourself to be suckered into making "just a little adjustment" more than one time during a job. Some clients have this down to a science, asking for "small changes" several times when you're already heavily into the project. Many huge problems and disagreements (usually resulting in you not getting paid as you should have, had you bid the job this way originally) start with "small changes."

Hope this article enlightened you - I spent quite a lot of time on this and look forward for your thoughts too.

Diff b/w 32 & 64 Bit Versions of windows vista

There are two versions in windows vista. they are
1) vista 32 bit version
2) vista 64 bit version

First of all to install a 64 bit version you must have 64 bit processor and also the device drivers are to be 64 bit version compatible.

To check what is platform of vista is installed in ur computer right click My computer on desktop and then click on the properties in the drop down menu.

The advantage of 64 bit version is that it can access RAM that is above 4 GB.
It supports RAM from 1 GB to 128 GB.

64-bit versions of Windows Vista relate to memory accessibility, memory management, and enhanced security features. So the processing is fast.

ArchitectureWindows Vista, 32-bit versions Windows Vista, 64-bit versions
System requirements1-gigahertz (GHz) 32-bit (x86) processor or 64-bit (x64) processor, 512 MB of RAM 1-GHz 64-bit (x64) processor, 1 GB of RAM (4 GB recommended)
Memory accessA 32-bit version of Windows Vista can access up to 4 GB of RAM.A 64-bit version of Windows Vista can access from 1 GB of RAM to more than 128 GB of RAM.
Memory access per editionAll 32-bit versions of Windows Vista can access up to 4 GB of RAM.Windows Vista Home Basic - 8 GB of RAM
Windows Vista Home Premium - 16 GB of RAM
Windows Vista Business - 128 GB of RAM or more
Windows Vista Enterprise - 128 GB of RAM or more
Windows Vista Ultimate - 128 GB of RAM or more
DEP32-bit versions of Windows Vista use a software-based version of DEP.64-bit versions of Windows Vista support hardware-backed DEP.
Kernel Patch Protection (PatchGuard)This feature is not available in 32-bit versions of Windows Vista.This feature is available in 64-bit versions of Windows Vista. Kernel Patch Protection helps prevent a malicious program from updating the Windows Vista kernel. This feature works by helping to prevent a kernel-mode driver from extending or replacing other kernel services. Also, this feature helps prevent third-party programs from updating (patching) any part of the kernel.
Driver signingUnsigned drivers may be used with 32-bit versions of Windows Vista.64-bit versions of Windows Vista require that all device drivers be digitally signed by the developer.
32-bit driver support32-bit versions of Windows Vista support 32-bit drivers that are designed for Windows Vista.64-bit versions of Windows Vista do not support 32-bit device drivers.
16-bit program support32-bit versions of Windows Vista support 16-bit programs, in part.64-bit versions of Windows Vista do not support 16-bit programs.

Institutes Accepting GATE as entrance for M.Tech

This is list of all the universities and institutes accepting GATE as entrance exam for masters

Click here to download

GATE Exam Schedule 2010

Commencement of:

Sale of Information Brochure and Offline Application Form/ Online Application Form submission

Sept 22 2009

Tuesday

Last date of issue of Information Brochure and Application forms:

1) By post from GATE Offices

Oct 20 2009

Tuesday

2) At bank counters

Oct 28 2009

Wednesday

3) At GATE office counters

Oct 30 2009

Friday

Last date for:

1) Online application form submission (website closure)

Oct 28 2009 (18:00 hrs)

Wednesday

2) Receipt of completed Offline/ Online Application Form at respective zonal GATE Office

Nov 03 2009

Tuesday

Date of the examination :

1) Computer based ONLINE Examination for TF paper from 09.30 hrs to 12.30 hrs

Feb 07 2010

Sunday

2) Computer based ONLINE Examination for MN paper from 14.30 hrs to 17.30 hrs

Feb 07 2010

Sunday

3) OFFLINE Examination for all papers except TF and MN from 09.30 hrs to 12.30 hrs

Feb 14 2010

Sunday

Announcement of results -

Mar 15 2010

Monday

AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION FORMS

Information Brochure and Application Form can be obtained on cash payment of Rs 1000/- (Rs 500/- for SC/ST/PD) from the designated Bank Branches corresponding to each zone.

Candidates can also obtain Information Brochure and Application Form by Post from the zonal GATE offices by sending a request letter and two self-addressed slips along with a Demand Draft for the amount (mentioned as above) payable at the city of the respective zonal GATE office.

Application Form can also be obtained from the zonal GATE Offices after handing over Demand Draft for the appropriate amount.

GATE Pattern And Structure

The GATE examination consists of a single paper of 3 hours duration. The question paper consists of only objective type questions. Each question will have four choices for the answer. Only one choice is correct.

Question Papers bearing the codes: AE, AG, AR, BT, CE, CH, CS, CY, EC, EE, IN, MA, ME, MN, MT, PH, PI and TF
• Q.1 to Q.25: Will carry one mark each (sub-total 25 marks). 1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
• Q.26 to Q.55: Will carry two marks each (sub-total 60 marks) 2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
• Q.48 through Q.51 (2 pairs) will be common data questions. Each question will carry two marks 2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
• Question pairs (Q.52, Q.53) and (Q.54, Q.55) will be linked answer questions.
o The answer to the second question of the last two pairs will depend on the answer to the first question of the pair.
o If the first question in the linked pair is wrongly answered or is un-attempted, then the answer to the second question in the pair will not be evaluated. Each question will carry two marks
o There will be negative marks only for wrong answer to the first question of the linked answer question pair i.e. for Q.52 and Q.54, 2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer. There is no negative marking for Q.53 and Q.55.
• Q.56 to Q.60: From General Aptitude (GA) will carry one mark each (sub-total 5 marks). 1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
• Q.61 to Q.65: From GA will carry two marks each (sub-total 10 marks) 2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.

Note: All the papers bearing the codes AE, AG, BT, CE, CH, CS, EC, EE, IN, ME, MN, MT, PI and TF will contain few questions on Engineering Mathematics carrying 15 marks.

CSE Syllabus For GATE Exam

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic.

Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial.

Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean Algebra.

Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics.

Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism.

Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.

Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non-linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods; Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpsons rules.

Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives, maxima & minima.

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits; Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).

Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data-path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining, Cache and main memory, Secondary storage.

Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps.

Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and-conquer; Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching. Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes - P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete.

Theory of Computation: Regular languages and finite automata, Context free languages and Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, Undecidability.

Compiler Design: Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation, Runtime environments, Intermediate and target code generation, Basics of code optimization.

Operating System: Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems, I/O systems, Protection and security.

Databases: ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control.

Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance.

Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Routing algorithms, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4), Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers. Network security basic concepts of public key and private key cryptography, digital signature, firewalls.

Web technologies: HTML, XML, basic concepts of client-server computing.

Subject Weightage In GATE


Click On The Image Above



GATE Previous 12 Year Papers CS Branch

GATE | 1998 - View Online or Download

GATE | 1999 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2000 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2001 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2002 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2003 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2004 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2005 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2006 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2007 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2008 - View Online or Download

GATE | 2009 - View Online or Download


All Papers in a single file : Download

Defragmentation....!! Whats its use?



We find in our computer there is a application called Defragmentation.
But many of us don't actually know what it is.
The data stored in the hard disk is not arranged as it is shown on the monitor
When we store a large file (say 700 MB), It is stored in several parts of hard disk called as fragments.
When we open the file, it takes much time to collect all the parts and open the file.
Defragmentation is process which joins all the fragments and store at a single location in our hard disk which results in fast accessing of the file.
So the main advantage of this is to speed up the system
It is advisory to run this app once a month
Location: Start--->All Programs--->Accessories--->System Tools--->Disk Defragmenter



15 Useful Mozilla Firefox Tricks!

Everybody’s favorite open-source browser, Firefox, is great right out of the box. And by adding some of the awesome extensions available out there, the browser just gets better and better.

But look under the hood, and there are a bunch of hidden (and some not-so-secret) tips and tricks available that will crank Firefox up and pimp your browser. Make it faster, cooler, more efficient. Get to be a Jedi master with the following cool Firefox tricks.

1) More screen space. Make your icons small. Go to View – Toolbars – Customize and check the “Use small icons” box.

2) Smart keywords. If there’s a search you use a lot (let’s say IMDB.com’s people search), this is an awesome tool that not many people use. Right-click on the search box, select “Add a Keyword for this search”, give the keyword a name and an easy-to-type and easy-to-remember shortcut name (let’s say “actor”) and save it. Now, when you want to do an actor search, go to Firefox’s address bar, type “actor” and the name of the actor and press return. Instant search! You can do this with any search box.

3) Keyboard shortcuts. This is where you become a real Jedi. It just takes a little while to learn these, but once you do, your browsing will be super fast. Here are some of the most common (and my personal favs):

* Spacebar (page down)
* Shift-Spacebar (page up)
* Ctrl+F (find)
* Alt-N (find next)
* Ctrl+D (bookmark page)
* Ctrl+T (new tab)
* Ctrl+K (go to search box)
* Ctrl+L (go to address bar)
* Ctrl+= (increase text size)
* Ctrl+- (decrease text size)
* Ctrl-W (close tab)
* F5 (reload)
* Alt-Home (go to home page)

4) Auto-complete. This is another keyboard shortcut, but it’s not commonly known and very useful. Go to the address bar (Control-L) and type the name of the site without the “www” or the “.com”. Let’s say “google”. Then press Control-Enter, and it will automatically fill in the “www” and the “.com” and take you there – like magic! For .net addresses, press Shift-Enter, and for .org addresses, press Control-Shift-Enter.

5) Tab navigation. Instead of using the mouse to select different tabs that you have open, use the keyboard. Here are the shortcuts:

* Ctrl+Tab (rotate forward among tabs)
* Ctrl+Shft+Tab (rotate to the previous tab)
* Ctrl+1-9 (choose a number to jump to a specific tab)

6) Mouse shortcuts. Sometimes you’re already using your mouse and it’s easier to use a mouse shortcut than to go back to the keyboard. Master these cool ones:

* Middle click on link (opens in new tab)
* Shift-scroll down (previous page)
* Shift-scroll up (next page)
* Ctrl-scroll up (decrease text size)
* Ctrl-scroll down (increase text size)
* Middle click on a tab (closes tab)

7) Delete items from address bar history. Firefox’s ability to automatically show previous URLs you’ve visited, as you type, in the address bar’s drop-down history menu is very cool. But sometimes you just don’t want those URLs to show up (I won’t ask why). Go to the address bar (Ctrl-L), start typing an address, and the drop-down menu will appear with the URLs of pages you’ve visited with those letters in them. Use the down-arrow to go down to an address you want to delete, and press the Delete key to make it disappear.

8) User chrome. If you really want to trick out your Firefox, you’ll want to create a UserChrome.css file and customize your browser. It’s a bit complicated to get into here, but check out this tutorial.

9) Create a user.js file. Another way to customize Firefox, creating a user.js file can really speed up your browsing. You’ll need to create a text file named user.js in your profile folder (see this to find out where the profile folder is) and see this example user.js file that you can modify. Created by techlifeweb.com, this example explains some of the things you can do in its comments.

10) about:config. The true power user’s tool, about.config isn’t something to mess with if you don’t know what a setting does. You can get to the main configuration screen by putting about:config in the browser’s address bar. See Mozillazine’s about:config tips and screenshots.

11) Add a keyword for a bookmark. Go to your bookmarks much faster by giving them keywords. Right-click the bookmark and then select Properties. Put a short keyword in the keyword field, save it, and now you can type that keyword in the address bar and it will go to that bookmark.

12) Speed up Firefox. If you have a broadband connection (and most of us do), you can use pipelining to speed up your page loads. This allows Firefox to load multiple things on a page at once, instead of one at a time (by default, it’s optimized for dialup connections). Here’s how:

* Type “about:config” into the address bar and hit return. Type “network.http” in the filter field, and change the following settings (double-click on them to change them):
* Set “network.http.pipelining” to “true”
* Set “network.http.proxy.pipelining” to “true”
* Set “network.http.pipelining.maxrequests” to a number like 30. This will allow it to make 30 requests at once.
* Also, right-click anywhere and select New-> Integer. Name it “nglayout.initialpaint.delay” and set its value to “0″. This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it receives.

13) Limit RAM usage. If Firefox takes up too much memory on your computer, you can limit the amount of RAM it is allowed to us. Again, go to about:config, filter “browser.cache” and select “browser.cache.disk.capacity”. It’s set to 50000, but you can lower it, depending on how much memory you have. Try 15000 if you have between 512MB and 1GB ram.

14) Reduce RAM usage further for when Firefox is minimized. This setting will move Firefox to your hard drive when you minimize it, taking up much less memory. And there is no noticeable difference in speed when you restore Firefox, so it’s definitely worth a go. Again, go to about:config, right-click anywhere and select New-> Boolean. Name it “config.trim_on_minimize” and set it to TRUE. You have to restart Firefox for these settings to take effect.

15) Move or remove the close tab button. Do you accidentally click on the close button of Firefox’s tabs? You can move them or remove them, again through about:config. Edit the preference for “browser.tabs.closeButtons”. Here are the meanings of each value:

* 0: Display a close button on the active tab only
* 1( Default) Display close buttons on all tabs
* 2 Don’t display any close buttons
* 3 ( Display a single close button at the end of the tab bar (Firefox 1.x behavior)

How To Open An Encrypted / Password Protected pdf files

If u hav a pdf file and if it is encrypted or protected with password,,, u can still open it.
Just open ur gmail and send a mail to urself attaching the pdf with in the mail.
After that goto inbox and open the received mail.
There u will hav two options
1. Download the file
2.View As HTML
Select the option 2.View as HTML
Then u can see the pdf file in ur browser itself